CNS is now on Facebook and Twitter. Follow us to stay posted on the latest findings in cognitive neuroscience and on the upcoming 20th annual meeting in San Francisco, April 2013 -- 20 years of discoveries on the mind and the brain.

CNS 2012 in the News

Check out coverage of CNS 2012 in the news (last updated April 23, 2012):

“Brain scan foretells who will fold under pressure,” Science News, April, 2, 2012.

Stimulating the brain to improve speech, memory, numerical abilities, Science Codex, April 2, 2012. 

Accentuating the positive memories for sleep, Science Codex, April 2, 2012.

Accentuating the positive memories for sleep, Medical Xpress, April 2, 2012.

Jolt to brain aids language recovery, Science News, April 2, 2012.

How does our brain respond to food? Doctor Tipster, April 3, 2012.

Brains of anorexics, obese wired differently: Study, QMI agency, April 3, 2012.

Breakthrough treatment incoming forstroke patients?, Spire Healthcare, April 3, 2012.

Extreme eaters show abnormal brain activity, Science News, April 4, 2012.

How Brain Networks Influence Eating Disorders, PsychCentral, April 4, 2012.

Exploring the connection between food and brain function, SCOPE, April 4, 2012.

Non-invasive brain stimulation improves speech, memory skills,research suggests, McKnight's Long-Care News, April 5, 2012.

Sleep May Protect Positive Memories,Study Finds, The Huffington Post, April 9, 2012.

Brain activity gives scientists clues about eating disorders, Chicago Tribune, April 11, 2012.

New stroke recovery technique by brain stimulation, Digital Journal, April 12, 2012.

Inquiring Minds: Exercise and Mental Recall, BU Today, April 19, 2012.

Ramachandran’s Lab Looks Into Whether You Can Be a Man in the Morning and a Woman at Night, Scientific American blog, April 19, 2012.

"Stimulating the Brain to Improve Speech, Memory, Numerical Abilities," forthcoming in Stroke Recovery News, August 2012.

From Flavors to Food Cues: Our Brains on Food

The old saying "The first taste is always with your eyes" is neurologically true, said Kyle Simmons of the Laureate Institute for Brain Research at the CNS 2012 symposium session this morning about our brains on food. The session highlighted a variety of interesting approaches to understanding and responding to the rising trend of obesity.

Whenever we are presented with food or even just the idea of it, our brains automatically start thinking about how it will taste and how eating the item will make us feel, Simmons said. The insular cortex, he reported, is key in this information retrieval. Just going up to the frozen yogurt station and looking at all the options -- the flavors, the bowl size, the toppings -- you will automatically associate the labels with the reward properties of the food.

In this "obesogenic world," how we respond to such food cues, may very well predict our weight, according to Susan Carnell of the New York Obesity Nutrition Center.  Her research has tested responses to both visual and auditory food cues, including looking at brain responses in the fMRI scanner. Some of the results have shown that obese versus lean people have greater activation of brain areas associated with motivation, emotion and decision-making in response to high-calorie versus low-calorie foods. And in those individuals, there is an increased desire to eat.

Dana Small further explored the role of calories in how we learn about flavors. She and colleagues have worked to replicate in humans a study that showed that rats show preference for flavors that they have learned deliver glucose (calories) to them. In her flavor lab at Yale University, they created 5 novel drinks, all different colors, and all non-caloric. In their experiment which involved fMRI scanning and physiological testing, the researchers at some point added maltodextrin to one of the drinks to make it caloric. (They ensured through a series of tests that participants could not tell the caloric from non-caloric).

The results? Healthy people learned to prefer the drink with 112 calories versus the drink with 0 calories. Changes in how they rated the drinks were associated with responses in the insular cortex, which was inversely related to percent body fat. The more obese, the less the response in the insular cortex, which has implications for how increased body weight changes neurological conditions such as interfering with dopamine signaling.

Laura Holsen of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital rounded out the talks with discussion of eating behavior at the extreme -- from anorexia nervosa to a genetic condition that causes compulsive overeating called Prader-Willi syndrome. She highlighted the different neurological circuitry associated with the spectrum of food intake. You can read more about Holsen's and Simmon's work in a press release issued today.

Back to Our Youth: Math-Proficient Children and Risk-Taking Adolescents

Attendees of today's slide session at CNS 2012 on thinking and decision-making had a rare treat for a scientific meeting: getting to watch a clip of Sesame Street. Elmo was singing to 7 swimming fish about, you guessed it, the number 7. It was an example of the type of educational video that introduces young children to numerical concepts – a topic being explored from the cognitive neuroscience perspective by Robert Emerson and colleagues at the University of Rochester.

Emerson described an experiment that involved looking at brain connectivity in 4- to 11-year-olds that relates to processing numbers. The children were asked to sort through faces, shapes, words, and numbers while in an fMRI scanner to help isolate the parts of the brain that respond during numerical matching: the prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus (frontal and parietal regions). The children then watched a video about math, like the one of Elmo, while researchers measured the connectivity in those regions of the brain. Separately, the researchers tested the children's math IQ and general IQ.

The results showed that the connectivity in the parts of the brain involved in the number-matching successfully predicted the children's math ability. The frontal-parietal connectivity was “specific to math ability,” Emerson stressed, as his study found no correlation between connectivity in those parts of the brain and general IQ, age, reaction time, or any other factor. Researchers also tested if the same relationship existed between connectivity in the parts of the brain associated with face matching and mathematics but found no correlation.

From childhood math to risk-taking adolescents

In the same slide session, we moved from the innocence of childhood learning to the not-so-innocent world of adolescent risk-taking. As Eva Tezler of the University of California, Los Angeles, discussed, much research has documented how adolescents are more prone to morbidity and mortality than younger children due to riskier behavior, including alcohol and drug abuse, unprotected sex, risky driving, and accidents. Research in adults has documented how sleep deprivation can diminish cognitive functions, such as attention control and emotional regulation. With sleep deprivation endemic among adolescents, she and colleagues set out to see if there was a neurological relationship between inadequate sleep and risk-taking in adolescents.

The researchers had 46 adolescents aged 14 to 16 years take the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) while in an fMRI scanner. In the test, subjects can inflate a balloon to larger and larger sizes for monetary compensation, but with each increase in reward comes a greater risk that the balloon will explode. If the balloon explodes before the subjects “cash out,” they do not get any money.

Tezler's team coupled the results of that test with information about the adolescents' sleep behavior from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, which measures sleep quality over the previous month. In general, adolescents with poorer sleep were more likely to inflate the balloons and explode them more on the BART test.

When taking risks to inflate the balloon, those adolescents showed decreased activation in the insula, a brain region involved in risk-taking. Those who cashed out despite poorer sleep showed increased activation in both the insula, as well as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a brain region involved in cognitive control.

The sleep-deprived adolescents also had greater self-reported risk-taking and a more positive view of risk-taking. The findings show that adolescents may need to exert more cognitive control to make the decision to stop taking risks.

Stimulating the Brain to Improve Speech, Memory, Numerical Abilities

Speaking to a packed Grand Ballroom at the Palmer House Hotel in Chicago this morning, Roi Cohen Kadosh opened the session on non-invasive brain stimulation by explaining that it will not just focus on one single cognitive function but several -- including motor skills, memory, speech, and numerical cognition. And the research spans a range of populations, including young, healthy adults, people with degenerative diseases, and neurological patients.

The research, which Cohen Kadosh has called "futuristic," involves researchers applying weak electrical currents to the head via electrodes for a short period of time, for example 20 minutes. The currents pass through the skull and either excite the neurons or suppress them, with the goal to enhance or alter some cognitive ability. Subjects usually feel only a slight tingling for less than 30 seconds, and the effects can last for up to 12 months.

“Non-invasive brain stimulation can allow painless, inexpensive, and apparently safe method for cognitive improvement with with potential long-term efficacy,” said Cohen Kadosh of the University of Oxford in a statement released today for the CNS 2012 meeting in Chicago. Read the full press release to learn about how this technique is being applied to stroke patients to improve speech therapy, to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients to improve memory, and to people with low numerical abilities to improve their math skills.

 

Emotion's Double-Edged Sword: When We Remember the Forest for the Trees or Not

You are driving to work when a car suddenly crosses into your lane, careens toward your car, and narrowly misses you, slamming into a wall instead. Your heart is racing, and you will surely remember this incident for a while, but will you remember anything else happening at the time? Will you remember the song playing on the radio or other cars that were nearby? Talks today at the CNS meeting in Chicago explored some of the latest research seeking to understand how such emotional events affect our memory.

In general, emotional arousal enhances our memory of positive or negative information. Sometimes, however, emotional arousal can help, while other times it can hinder memory of neutral information processed before, during, or after the emotional arousal. Mara Mather of the University of California discussed a method she and her research team have developed to better understand and predict when emotional arousal will enhance or impair memory of such neutral items.

In the “arousal-based competition” model, when multiple stimuli are present, they compete for neural representation, Mather explained. Changing how we are introduced to the neutral items or how we perceive their importance will determine how well we remember them.

For example, in one study, Mather's team showed people an image with several letters of the alphabet, a few of which were high contrast against the background while the rest had less contrast – to give greater salience to the high-contrast letters. They then blasted people with either a negative stimuli – the sound of bees buzzing – or a neutral one – cows mooing, to see which letters people would recall best. The negative sound enhanced short-term recall of the high contrast letters and impaired contrast for the low-contrast letters, relative to the neutral sound.

This is one example, Mather said, of how the arousal-based competition method favors high-priority information – in this case the high-contrast letters. Similarly, researchers can manipulate recall of neutral items by instructing subjects to specifically remember the item – thereby conferring high priority in processing that information.

Elizabeth Kensinger followed Mather's talk by discussing the possible neural mechanisms that control when we remember an item versus the context. Her team has done a series of experiments that involve placing a negative (e.g. dead cat), neutral (e.g. tumbleweed), or positive (e.g. hot-air balloon) image on a neutral background (open prairie). They wanted to map not only whether people remembered the items or the background but also which brain regions were activated when they first viewed the images, so they put people in MRI scanners while looking at different images for short (5 seconds) time period and then tested their recall.

The researchers found that activity in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex corresponded well with good memory for items but not backgrounds, while activity in areas of the brain associated with visual processing and attention led to forgetting the background. Generally, high emotional arousal from either positive or negative stimuli leads to a tradeoff between whether we remember an item or the background. The activity within an emotional memory region of the brain, she stressed, leads to selective memory benefits, not enhancement for all details.

There are some exceptions to this rule, Kensinger said, particularly in high-stress situations. There are also some individual differences in emotional processing of memories. For example, she found that those better at exerting control over their actions are less likely to show tradeoffs based on stimulus – such people can remember neutral backgrounds better but nothing can change the enhancement of memory for high-arousal items.

Rounding out the talks were interesting perspectives from Florin Dolcos, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, on how emotional distraction can both impair working memory (e.g. make it harder to talk on a cell phone when a car is crashing nearby) and enhance longer-term memory of the event itself, as well as from Guillen Fernandez of Radboud University Nijmegen on neural processes underlying how we respond to stress. Taken together, the talks provided a robust perspective on the state of understanding how emotions can either enhance or inhibit attention, perception, and memory – as Dolcos said, the “double-edge sword” of emotion and cognition. All the speakers addressed how their work can apply to not only healthy adults but also those with disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.

Accentuating the Positive Memories for Sleep

CNS 2012 has more than 900 posters on a variety of cognitive neuroscience topics. Check out this recent press release that highlights just a couple of posters  –  on the effects of sleep on positive memories (including one being presented at Poster Session D tonight):

Sleep plays a powerful role in preserving our memories. But while recent research shows that wakefulness may cloud memories of negative or traumatic events, a new study has found that wakefulness also degrades positive memories. Sleep, it seems, protects positive memories just as it does negative ones, and that has important implications for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

“The study of how sleep helps us remember and process emotional information is still young,” says Alexis Chambers of the University of Notre Dame. Past work has focused on the role of negative memories for sleep, in particular how insomnia is a healthy biological response for people to reduce negative memories and emotions associated with a traumatic event.

Two new studies presented this week at a meeting of cognitive neuroscientists in Chicago are exploring the flip side: how sleep treats the positive. “Only if we investigate all the possibilities within this field will we ever fully understand the processes underlying our sleep, memory, and emotions,” Chambers says. ... Read full press release.

--

Both studies – “Effects of Sleep on Memory and Reactivity for PositiveEmotional Pictures,” by Rebecca Spencer et al., and “LaughYourself to Sleep: The Role of Humor in the Investigation of Sleep’seffects on Positive Memory” by Alexis Chambers et al. – are being presented in posters at the 19th annual CNS meeting in Chicago.

New Research Examines Task-Learning Across Lifetime

A press release sent in by the folks at Lumosity about a poster being presented at CNS today by one of their researchers, Kacey Ballard...

20,000-Person Lumosity Study Identifies Cognitive Tasks with Most Improvement Potential

Chicago, Illinois – April 1, 2012 – 

With age-related cognitive decline affecting millions of adults world-wide, targeted cognitive training programs offer new potential for treatment. A new analysis of more than 20,000 adults shows that such the effectiveness of such training depends on both the age of the participant and the type of exercises employed .

“There has been much research on how cognitive functioning declines with age, but this study takes it one step further and looks at how task-specific learning differs across the lifespan,” says Kacey Ballard, Ph.D., User Researcher at of Lumosity, who is presenting her research this week in Chicago at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society (CNS). “These results also offer interesting implications for understanding training-related transfer – tasks that offer more practice-related improvements might be better suited for demonstrating transfer of benefits to a novel task.”

The study investigated baseline performance and practice-related improvements across the lifespan in four distinct cognitive domains: working memory, short-term spatial memory span, arithmetic, and verbal fluency. The study found that baseline performance decreases with age, but the rate of decline differs by task.

Ballard found that intelligence tasks, such as working memory and spatial memory span, show the most improvement in adults in their early-20s. Arithmetic and verbal fluency remained robust through the 30s and 40s, however. Regardless of age or task, people’s performance significantly improved after 25 practice sessions.

The study also found that some tasks can yield more improvement with practice than other tasks. The working memory 2-back task (Memory Match) afforded the most improvement with practice, while the spatial memory span task (Memory Matrix) had the least amount of improvement with practice.

Ballard gathered data from worldwide samples of 20,000 to 110,000 individuals aged 15 to 75. Participants trained on an exercise at least 25 times using free online software available on Lumosity.com.

These data are part of Lumosity’s database of human cognitive performance, which is the largest in the world, with more than 320 million data points to date. Lumosity’s research and development team continually analyze this data to learn more about cognitive training, brain health and identifying better methods of mental processing ability.

Ballard presents her poster “Rates of Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Training Improvements Depend on Task Modality: Baseline and Training Effects Across the Lifespan in Samples of Over 20,000 Individuals Training in Four Distinct Cognitive Domains” on Sunday, April 1, 2012 from 4:00 – 6:00 pm at the annual CNS meeting at the Palmer House Hotel (Exhibit Hall, Poster D30).

--

Lumosity is the leading online brain training program that improves core cognitive abilities such as memory, attention and intelligence. Launched in 2007, Lumosity now has more than 35 games, 20 million members, and paying subscribers from 180 countries. Lumosity’s exercises are based on the latest findings in neuroscience, with continuing independent third-party studies being conducted by researchers at Harvard, Stanford, University of California, Berkeley, and other academic institutions. Lumosity is available at Lumosity.com and on the iPhone. Lumosity is headquartered in San Francisco, California. For more information, please visit www.lumosity.com.


Lumosity Contact:
Erica Perng
415-704-4533
erica@lumoslabs.com

What Crab Neurobiology Tells Us: Going Beyond the Mean to the Individual

As we all learned in Kindergarten, all individuals are different. But as Eve Marder pointed out today at CNS 2012, we sometimes forget this important and simple lesson, especially when relying on only the mean to analyze data. Her work on crustaceans is revealing that big differences in individual neuronal processes can still produce similar outcomes, enabling populations to survive while maintaining diversity.

Marder, a neurobiologist, is the recipient of this year's George A. Miller Prize, which recognizes scientists in various disciplines who have “the potential to revolutionize cognitive neuroscience,” said George Mangun of the University of California, Davis, in his introduction of Marder for today's address at the annual meeting in Chicago. Marder's work on small neuronal networks in invertebrates has great significance to human brains and possibly all animal brains.

Since 1980, Marder and her research team at Brandeis University have been analyzing nervous systems from the stomachs of crustaceans. The so-called “stomatogastric” nervous system acts as a functional circuit with a well-defined output pattern. The researchers have tested how variations in the parameters of the circuit can still produce a stable set of outcomes even with environmental changes.

In one study, for example, Marder's team tested how crabs' stomatogastric nervous systems react to temperature changes. At low temperatures, they found that all networks compensated and kept a stable output. But once the crabs became stressed at high temperatures, they all crashed in different ways that varied depending on the individual neuronal circuitry. Only when they were stressed, she said, did their diversity become apparent.

Altogether, Marder said her work is demonstrating that there are multiple “good-enough solutions” to circuit performance so that populations can survive under diverse environmental conditions. It is important, she says to remember that “not every individual in a population is well-represented by the mean,” and she hopes to further explore how individual structural differences in neuronal systems affect animals' functions.

More about the George A. Miller Prize and biography of Eve Marder

Follow CNS 2012 on Twitter

Follow us on Twitter for regular news updates during CNS 2012: @CogNeuroNews #CNS2012

Check some of our latest tweets that preview the meeting:

We can be trained to be compassionate which can lead to increased altruistic behavior - H. Weng, slide sess, #CNS2012. cnsmeeting.org/?page=slide_se…

— CNS 2012 News (@CogNeuroNews) March 30, 2012

The Effects of Inadequate Sleep on Brain Function During Risk Taking in Adolescence - E. Telzer, slide sess, #CNS2012. cnsmeeting.org/?page=slide_se…

— CNS 2012 News (@CogNeuroNews) March 30, 2012

Laugh Yourself to Sleep: The Role of Humor in ... Sleep’s Effects on Positive Memory - A. Chambers, poster at #CNS2012. cnsmeeting.org/?page=poster_d…

— CNS 2012 News (@CogNeuroNews) March 30, 2012

What causes people to sing with poor pitch? New research on the brain and music at #CNS2012. cnsmeeting.org/?page=symposiu…

— CNS 2012 News (@CogNeuroNews) March 22, 2012

Join us in Chicago to explore the nature of how we think!

The Cognitive Neuroscience Society invites members of the press to attend its annual meeting, March 31- April 3, 2012, in Chicago at the Palmer House Hotel. See the latest scientific research in perception, action, memory, language – including the connections between sleep and memory, the neurological processes that govern our eating habits, and how we interpret and understand events in our lives.

Highlights will include:

• 75 scientific talks and 900+ posters on the latest in cognitive neuroscience research

• Eve Marder of Brandeis University will deliver the George A. Miller Award address for her work investigating crustaceans' neural systems in order to better understand the circuitry that controls people's ability to walk, breathe, and swim – and what types of changes allow the nervous system to recover function after injury.

• Morris Moscovitch of the University of Toronto will deliver the Distinguished Career Contribution Award address for his research on episodic memory and its influence on knowledge-acquisition, perception, language, imagination, problem solving, and decision making.

Press registration is open. Registered members of the press will have complimentary access to all scientific talks, posters, and receptions.